Teenage Pregnancy Study in the Philippines

Teenage Pregnancy Study in the Philippines CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Philippines teenage pregnancy rate has increased by 60% in the year 2000- 2010, according to the Philippine National Statistics Office. This is very alarming. Teenage pregnancy often occurs between the ages of 15-19 years old, often in this age the girls are still studying. With early pregnancy the girls usually have to abandon their education to give birth or raise their child. Girls who become pregnant are expelled from school especially in a Catholic School like Lourdes College because it goes against the moral teachings of the school thus delaying the chance of earning a degree that will help them in providing for their child. Education becomes a lesser priority and is often delayed until they are able to leave the children at home are financially stable. But there are girls who are studying as well as taking care of their child and they are who we call Student Mothers. The burdens for these girls have double as to they have to take care of school as well as their child at home. The life of a Student Mother is no easy feat they have to juggle their time between attending their classes, making their requirements, taking care of their child and taking care of the house. They become the primary caregiver of their child and are expected to rear their child well. Many of these student mothers also engage in working part-time to help in the financial burdens of both studying and caring for the child. But, this becomes another disadvantage as it takes up time and effort on the part of the Student Mother. Statement of the Problem This study aims to understand how student mothers cope with their situation towards their studies and as well as child rearing. More specifically, what are the problems they have encountered in studying while nurturing their child at home.The study also seeks to find the coping strategy used by Student Mothers in their circumstances. With these in mind the purpose of the study is to help the readers understand the endeavors experienced by student mothers. The research will ask the following questions: What are the experiences student mothers? What are the coping strategies used by student mothers? What are the learnings of student mothers from their situation? What has helped them most in their situation? Scope and Limitation The study covered three (3) student mothers of Lourdes College Higher Education Department, enrolled in the second semester of S.Y. 2014-2015. The study was mainly focused on the student mother challenges, coping strategies and realizations. These student mothers were classified as students of Lourdes College that have a child under seven (7) years of age. Significance of the Study The results of the study will then be beneficial to the following persons and institutions: Student Mothers. They could gain insight about their situation and be aware of their responsibilities as both parent and student. Students. They will gain deeper understanding about the reality of student mothers and most importantly for them to learn about the experiences of student mothers. Researchers. They will broaden their knowledge about the experiences of student mothers in a college. Guidance Counselors. The findings and observations would provide them relevant data that can be utilized in their counseling interventions. Administration and Faculty. This will provide them information to promote, enhance understanding and support to programs concerning student mothers to help them cope in their situation. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE From 2000 to 2010, the number of live births by teenage mothers in the Philippines rose by more than 60 percent, latest data from the National Statistics Office showed. Another alarming fact is that the number of teenage mothers who gave birth to their second or third child during their teenage year has increased in the last 10 years. This is according to the data shown in the press conference in Quezon City by Carmelita Ericta, administrator and civil registrar general of the National Statistics Office. ( Ime Morales, July 9, 2013) Teenage preganancy is a global issue and a major contributor to school drop-out among girls. Permanent expulsion was one of the solutions made for teenage pregnancy but this has been proven ineffective and unfair to the girls. Now there is a return to school policy where a student is temporarily dismissed from school due to teenage pregnancy to further pursue their education.(Okeyo, 2012) As stated by Brown and Amankwaa (2007) â€Å"As more female college students are involved in sexual relationships their risk of conception increases. However, when pregnancy occurs it is only the woman who bears the burden and risk of the pregnancy and in most cases child care.â€Å" often these types of pregnancy are unplanned or planned caring for a child becomes a full time job. Having a child while being a student becomes stressful because child rearing consumes time and energy, with a few exeptions the women are the primary care giver of the child. ( Hofferth, Reid, Mott, 2001 as cited by Brown Amankwaa, 2007). According to Kidwell (2004), rearing a child while being s full-time student may be daunting and difficult however, it will be easier if she has a partner or a family member who can help her in taking care of the child. With the increase of higher education students, 10% of this population areparents or mothers who are hoping to give their children a better future and attending to their needs through receiving a degree. These nontraditional students are often Student Mothers and should be given special attention because aside from their role as student they are also mothers and care givers at home. Many see or consider their families a hindrance to their education which is wrong they should see it as a motivator because primarily, Student mother go back to studying because they want to provide for their child. (Wilsey, 2013) When pregnant students and student mothers are expected to subordinate their needs and desires to those of their children and families, they are forced to grapple with the conflicting roles of motherhood and studentship (Berg Mamhute, 2013). Brown Amankwaa, (2007) stated that parenting is a very stressful and some women cannot handle all the tasks involved especially the first time mothers and need help or assistance from the people around them. Although having someone help the mother is good but the expectation of receiving support after giving birth to a baby often causes Stressors that may lead to depression during postpartum period. Many student mothers have expressed feelings of guilt, worry and inadequacy in both as a student and as a mother.( Thompson, 2004) Though not always does being a student mother have negative effect, it also has positive effects. Story (1999), as cited by Brown Amankwaa (2007), has found out that student mothers are more responsible than those of regular students. He has seen that girls who were irresponsible before pregnancy has become more responsible after pregnancy and ismore less likely to drop out of College than the regular students. For women who juggle family and student responsibilities, the lack of time is one of the major issues faced. (Liversidge, 2004) Many student mothers use different coping strategies to adjust to their situation. As stated by Grohman (2009), student mothers depend on time management to handle the many different tasks of a student mother. Another coping cited by GrohmanRenelamn (2009) is managing tasks to handle the things needed to be done as both student and a mother as well as emotional and physical support from both the partner and parents of the student mother. Okey (2012) has said student-mothers go through a number of challenges as they live double lives as mothers and students. Often challenges are faced like lack of support due to other factors like lack of finances and time being limited. A study by Boutan (2012) shows the feeling of student mother in regards to lifestyle she said thaGale (her participant) said she juggles multiple lifestyles as a full-time student and a full-time mom. This does make her feel disconnected from campus life. Due to student mothers’ situation being difficult they have adapted coping mechanism. According to Okeyo (2012), Their coping mechanisms included: problem-focused, avoidance and emotion-focused strategies and the support they received upon resuming studies were spiritual and social support. It was argued that raising a child involves a great deal of financial, emotional, and practical planning (Kidwell, 2004). it is necessary to make sure that there are adequate child care resources available. This may be very difficult to do if the student is going to school full-time. However, if the student decides to remain in school and take care of the child it may be more fpossibleif she has a partner or family member who will provide additional help to care for the child (Kidwell, 2004). Parenting is very stressful and some women cannot deal with all of the tasks that are involved. It is best if there are people around who are there to assist. Although it is best to have family, friends and spousal support after giving birth to a baby this expectation often causes Stressors that may lead to depression during the postpartum period. (Brown Amankwaa, 2007) CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design In this study a qualitative exploratory design was used, allowing the researchers to get an in-depth understanding of the socio-educational problems faced by Student Mothers. Qualitative research has the advantage of uncovering the lived experiences of individuals by enabling them to interpret and attribute meaning to their experiences and in the process construct their worlds (Merriam and Simpson 2000, as cited in Berg Mamhute, 2013) Respondents of the Study Respondents of the study are the student mothers of Lourdes College, in the second semester of S.Y. 2014-2015. There were a number of three (3) identified single mothers in Lourdes College who volunteered and provided time to participate in this study. Research Instrument The primary tool used in gathering data was in a form of a one-on-one interview with the respondents. The interview was focused on the challenges, coping strategies, realizations of student mothers. Sampling Procedure In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling in which the researcher chose only student mothers who are caring for a child below seven (7) years of age and are studying in Lourdes College. Data Gathering Procedure Prior to data gathering, the researcher prepared an informed consent letter to be given to the respondents of the study, voluntary participation was highly emphasized in the letter of consent. The data-gathering procedure was done in a form of one-to-one interview in which the researcher took written notes. All interviews were tape recorded. The interviews were informal and open ended, and carried out in a conversational style. Results Profile of respondents: Experiences of Student Mothers: For Ione (27), her experiences are that its tiring, struggling with subjects, concentration, especially when at home and doing her homework, and time management. As for Dianne (21) her experience and struggle is that she struggles to manage her time between school, the child and for herself. And for Tepa (23), time management is the most difficult part for her. She stated that she needs to wake-up early and prepare especially now that her son is going to school. Coping strategies of student mothers: For Ione (27), she copes by focusing on school and home separately another coping is that thinking positive and being optimistic and going with the flow. As for Dianne (21), her coping is working hard and praying. And as for Tepa (23) she copes by not getting stressed being optimistic and being welcomed by her child at home. Factors that helped them: For Ione (27), her biggest factor that helped her cope being a student mother is her Husband, For Dianne (21),its being accepted by her family and friends. And for Tepa (23) she views her mother as the biggest factor that has helped her. Learnings of student mothers: As for Ione (27) she has learned that being a student mother is not easy but challenging. She also learned that a s a mother she needs to learn to set her priorities. And she learned that one should grab the opportunity to learn and study while still single. Dianne (21) learned that one should not be careless in choosing partners and achieve your goals despite having a child. And Tepa (23) learned that you should not panic and should be knowledgeable of the consequences of your actions. Discussion Time management is seen as the common obstacle for these student mothers. Because the live double lives as a mother and as a student, they struggle to split their time to accommodate all their responsibilities. This is supported by Grohamm (2009) work, student mothers greatly depend on time management. For coping the respondents commonly rely on being positive and not being stressed about their situation. As for the factors they consider that greatly helped them cope the common factor was the help of family members and husband. This is supported be works of Kidwell (2004), Thompson(20014 and Okeyo(2012) that it lessens the burden on the student mother if there are people around her who can help in caring for the child. This is evident as stated by Ione (27) that when she has things she needs to do at home her husband is the one who takes care of the child and as for Tepa (23) she stated that her mother has helped her both financially and caring for the child at home. The most common learning of the student mothers is that one should not be rash and should know the consequences of their actions. Conclusion Time management is the biggest obstacle of being a student mother as you need to divide your time between school and caring for the child. As for the coping strategy it is seen that the having a positive outlook is effective in handling different situations as a student mother. LIST OF RESOURCES YochevedGrohman, Renelamn (2009). Coping Stategies used by student mothers to succeed in Occupational Therapy School. Donna Mcgee Thompson (2004). A tunnel of Hope: the experiences of student mothers attending Community College based developmental study Program. Students affairs: Experiencing Higher education : P.67 Brown RL, Awankwaa AA. (2007). College Females as Mothers : Balancing the roles of Student and Motherhood. From:http://search.proquest.com/pqrl/docview/218901034/fulltext/A9E614CADCC34474PQ/1?accountid=167112 Sharon Liversidge (2004). It’s no Five O’clock World : The lived experiences of re/entering mothers in Nursing Education. Students affairs: Experiencing Higher education : p. 42 ChelseyBoutan (2012). Student mothers: Joys, Hardships, Misconceptions. From: http://northernstar.info/campus/news/student-mothers-joys-hardships-misconceptions/article_e1502dba-47c5-11e1-a057-0019bb30f31a.html?mode=story Kidwell, Christine Professional Staff (2004). Some facts psychologists know about unplanned pregnancy. Retrieved March 6, from www.psc.uc.edu/sh/SH Unplanned%20Pregnancy.htm> Okeyo, LinnahApondi (2012). Schooling challenges and coping mechanisms adapted by student-mothers in secondary schools in Nyando District, Kenya. From: http://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/3611/Linnah%20Apondi.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y The Experiences of Student Mothers A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Lourdes College Cagayan de Oro City As a requirement for English 2 subject By: Bueno, Ma. Margarita

General Overview Of Solid Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

As clarified in the introductory portion of this survey, Solid Waste Management is defined as the aggregation, transit, processing or intervention, recycling or disposal and eventually monitoring of waste stuffs. The term is normally related to the stuffs produced by assorted activities undertaken by worlds and is by and large carried out to cut down their negative effects on their wellness, environment and aesthetics. Waste direction is besides undertaken to retrieve resources for farther commercial or economic benefits. Waste direction can affect the managing of solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive waste stuffs, and for which there are assorted methods and Fieldss of expertness for each type. As the topic of this research suggests, we will be concentrating on the direction of solid waste merely. Waste direction patterns differ for developed and developing states, for urban and rural countries, and for residential and industrial manufacturers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan countries around the universe, is normally the duty of the local authorities governments, while direction for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is normally the premier duty of the manufacturer. Waste is an ineluctable byproduct of most human activity. Economic development and lifting life criterions in the Asiatic and Pacific Region have led to an addition in the measure and complexness of generated waste, while industrial variegation and the proviso of expanded health-care installations have added significant measures of industrial risky waste and biomedical waste into the waste watercourse which will potentially hold terrible environmental and human wellness effects. In the undermentioned paragraphs, we will be discoursing the coevals and types of turning volume of solid waste, which poses formidable challenges to the universe.TYPES OF WASTE & A ; THEIR DIFFERENTIATIONGENERATION AND CHARACTERISTICSA clear grasp of the measures and features of the waste being generated is a cardinal constituent in the development of strong and cost-efficient solid waste direction schemes. In some of the more developed states, the quantification and word picture of waste signifiers the foot ing for direction and intercession, while in the underdeveloped universe small precedence is given to the systematic surveying of waste coevals and direction and future tendencies of waste coevals are ill understood. Although there is a deficiency of comprehensive or consistent information, at the state degree, some wide tendencies and common elements are evident while discoursing the coevals and types of solid waste. In general, the developed states generate much higher measures of waste per capita compared to the developing states of the part. However, in certain fortunes the direction of even little measures of waste poses a important challenge. For illustration, in the little islands of the South Pacific sub part, little populations and modest economic activity have ensured that comparatively low measures of waste are generated. However, many of these states, peculiarly little states such as Kiribati, Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands, face considerable waste direction challenges due to their little land countries and attendant deficiency of disposal options. Throughout the universe, the chief beginnings of solid waste are residential families and the agricultural, commercial, building, industrial and institutional sectors. For the intents of this survey, these beginnings are defined as giving rise to four major classs of waste: municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hospital waste and risky waste. Each of these waste types is examined individually below.Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) is generated from families, offices, hotels, stores, schools and such other establishments. The major constituents are nutrient waste, paper, plastic, shreds, metal and glass. Although destruction and building dust is frequently included in gathered waste, as are besides little measures of risky waste, such as electric visible radiation bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medical specialties and chemicals. Coevals rates for MSW vary from metropolis to metropolis and from season to season and have a strong correlativity with degrees of economic development and activity. High-income states ( such as Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Republic of Korea, and Singapore ) produce between 1.1 and 5.0 kg/capita/ twenty-four hours ; middle-income states ( such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand ) generate between 0.52 and 1.0 kg/capita/day, whilst low-income states ( such as Bangladesh, India, Viet Nam, Pakistan and Myanmar ) have coevals rates of between 0.45 and 0.89 kg/capita/ twenty-four hours. Taken as a whole, the Asian and Pacific Region presently produces some 1.5 million dozenss of MSW each twenty-four hours and this is expected to more than double by 2025 ( World Bank, 1999 ) . The sum of human fecal matters in the MSW is important in chunky countries of many Asiatic and Pacific metropoliss where â€Å" wrap and throw † sanitation is practiced or bucket latrines are emptied into waste containers. The latter is common in many metropoliss ( such as Calcutta, Dhaka and Hanoi ) of the part where there are minimum or uneffective sewage systems.Industrial Solid WasteIndustrial solid waste in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, as elsewhere, encompasses a broad scope of stuffs of changing environmental toxicity. Typically this scope would include paper, packaging stuffs, waste from nutrient processing, oils, dissolvers, rosins, pigments and sludge, glass, ceramics, rocks, metals, plastics, gum elastic, leather, wood, fabric, straw and abradants. As with municipal solid waste, due to the absence of a regularly up-dated and systematic database on industrial solid waste, the exact rates of coevals are mostly unknown. Industrial solid waste coevals varies, non merely between states at different phases of development but besides between developing states. In People ‘s Republic of China, for illustration, the coevals ratio of municipal to industrial solid waste is one to three. In Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, nevertheless, this ratio is much lower. In high-income, developed states, such as Australia and Japan, the ratio is one to eight. However, based on an mean ratio for the Asian and Pacific part, the industrial solid waste coevals is tantamount to 1,900 million dozenss per annum. This sum is expected to increase well and at the current growing rates, it is estimated that it will duplicate in less than 20 old ages. As the bing industrial solid waste aggregation, processing and disposal systems of many states are gro ssly unequal ; such incremental growing will present really serious challenges.Agricultural Waste and ResiduesExpanding agricultural production has of course resulted in increased measures of farm animal waste, agricultural harvest residues and agro-industrial byproducts. Among the states in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, People ‘s Republic of China produces the largest measures of agribusiness waste and harvest residues followed by India. In People ‘s Republic of China, some 587 million dozenss of residues are generated yearly from the production of rice, maize and wheat entirely. In Pakistan, approximately 56.22 million dozenss of different harvest residues are generated yearly, of which 12.46 million dozenss originate from cotton, 2.90 million dozenss from corn, 12.87 million dozenss from sugar cane, 8.16 million dozenss from rice and 19.83 million dozenss from wheat. In add-on, Pakistan produces other wastes amounting to some 28 million dozenss of which 58 % are car nal waste, 40 % is sugarcane bagasse and the staying 2 % comprises a mix of jute, mustard chaffs, benne sticks, Castor seed chaffs, sunflower chaffs and baccy chaffs ( ESCAP 1997 ) .Hospital/ Hazardous WasteHospital waste is generated during the diagnosing, intervention, or immunisation of human existences or animate beings or in research activities in these Fieldss or in the production or testing of biological stuffs. It may include wastes like solid waste, disposables, anatomical waste, civilizations, discarded medical specialties and chemical wastes. These are in the signifier of disposable panpipes, swabs, patchs, organic structure fluids and human body waste. This waste is extremely infective and can be a serious menace to human wellness if non managed in a scientific and discriminate mode. It has been approximately estimated that of the 4 kilogram of waste generated in a infirmary at least 1 kilograms would be infected. In Punjab, Pakistan, 75 dozenss of clinical waste is produced daily. The rate of coevals per bed per twenty-four hours is 1.8 kilogram. There are 35 infirmaries in Lahore, which generate 6 dozenss of clinical waste daily. Most risky waste is the byproduct of a wide spectrum of industrial, agricultural and fabrication procedures, atomic constitutions, infirmaries and health-care installations. Chiefly, high-volume generators of industrial risky waste are the chemical, petrochemical, crude oil, metals, wood intervention, mush and paper, leather, fabrics and energy production workss ( coal-burning and atomic power workss and crude oil production workss ) . The chief types of risky waste generated in the Asiatic and Pacific Region, include waste dissolvers, Cl bearing waste and pesticideorganophosphate-herbicide-urea-fungicide bearing waste. In peculiar, dissolvers are extensively used and, as a effect, big measures of waste dissolvers are produced.Table: Beginnings of solid wastes, typical waste generators and types of solid waste generated( Adapted from Pakistan State of the Environment Report 2005, bill of exchange, p. 113 )METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTEThere are a assortment of ways in which solid waste can be disposed off. Following are some of the methods of solid waste disposal.Figure: The Solid Waste Management HierarchyBeginning: Waste Hierarchy: Who ‘s on Top in the Game of Trash? By Raquel Fagan1. LandfillA landfill, besides called a shit or a rubbish shit is a site for the concluding disposal of waste stuffs by burial and is the oldest and most widespread signifier of waste intervention. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many topographic points around the universe. Landfills may include both the waste disposal sites around metropoliss ( where a manufacturer of waste carries out their ain waste disposal at the topographic point of production ) and every bit good as sites used by many manufacturers. Many landfills are besides used for other waste direction intents, such as the impermanent storage, consolidation and transportation, or processing of waste stuff ( screening, intervention, or recycling ) . Disposing of waste in a landfill involves the burial of waste and they are frequently established or located in abandoned or fresh big ditches, mining nothingnesss or tunnel cavities. A decently designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and comparatively cheap method of disposing of waste stuffs. Older or ill designed and managed landfills can make a figure of unfavourable environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attractive force of plagues, and coevals of liquid leachate. Another common by-product of landfills is gas ( largely composed of methane and C dioxide ) , which is produced when organic waste interruptions down anaerobically. This gas can make stench jobs, kill surface works life, and is a nursery gas.Figure: A Landfill in ActionBeginning: RE3.org ( Posters ) , Reduce, Reuse, RecycleThe design features of a modern landfill should include steps to incorporate leachate such as a dirt or plastic liner stuff. Deposited waste is usually compressed to increase i ts denseness and stableness, and is covered to forestall pulling plagues ( such as mice or rats ) . Many landfills besides have gas extraction systems fixed to take the gas produced in the waste. Gas is so pumped out of the landfill utilizing pierced pipes and flared off or fire in a gas engine to bring forth electricity.2. IncinerationIncineration is another waste disposal method which involves the combustion of waste stuff. Incineration and similar other high temperature waste intervention systems are sometimes described as â€Å" thermic intervention † methods. Incinerators convert waste stuffs into heat, gas, steam, and ash. Incineration is undertaken both on a private graduated table by persons and on a big graduated table by industries. It is used to dispose of all types of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as rather a utile method of disposing of certain risky waste stuffs ( such as biological medical waste ) . Incineration can be a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emanation of gaseous pollutants. Incineration is common in states such as Japan where land is non openly available, as these installations by and large do non necessitate as much country as landfills. Waste-to-energy ( WtE ) or energy-from-waste ( EfW ) are wide footings for installations that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to bring forth heat, steam and/or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is non ever perfect and there have been concerns about micro-pollutants in gaseous emanations from incinerator tonss. Particular concern has focused on some really relentless organics such as dioxins, furans, PAHs ( poly aromatic hydrocarbons ) that may be created within the incinerator and afterwards in the incinerator plume, which may hold serious environmental effects in the country instantly around the incinerator. On the other manus, this method or the more benign anaerobiotic digestion produces heat that can be used as energy.Figure: Basic layout of a province of the art municipal solid waste incineration worksBe ginning: vonRoll Inova: Grate burning systems. Zurich.3. CompostingCompost is an organic stuff which is a combination of decomposed workss and carnal stuffs and other organic stuffs that are being decomposed mostly through aerophilic decomposition into a rich black dirt. The procedure of composting is simple and practiced in private by persons in their places, agriculturally by husbandmans on their lands and industrially by industries and metropoliss. Compost dirt is really rich and is used for many intents. A few of the topographic points that it is used are in gardens, landscape gardening, gardening and agribusiness. The compost of dirt itself is good for the land in many ways, including as dirt conditioner, as fertiliser to add critical humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide. In ecosystems, compost dirt is utile for eroding control, land and watercourse renewal, wetland building and as landfill screen. As concern about landfill infinite additions, world-wide involvement in recycling by agencies of composting is turning, since it is a procedure for change overing analyzable organic stuffs into utile stable merchandises.4. Plasma GasificationPlasma is a extremely electrically charged gas. An illustration in nature is lightning, capable of bring forthing temperatures transcending 12,600A A °F ( 6,980A A °C ) . A gasifier vas utilizes proprietary plasma torches runing at +10,000A A °F ( 5,540A A °C ) ( the surface temperature of the Sun ) in order to make a gasification zone of up to 3,000A A °F ( 1,650A A °C ) to change over solid or liquid wastes into a syngas ( Alliance Federated Energy, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.afeservices.com/tech_what.php ) . Syngas ( from synthesis gas ) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains changing sums of C monoxide and H. When municipal solid waste is subjected to this utmost heat within the vas, the waste ‘s molecular bonds break down into basic constituents. The procedure therefore consequences in riddance of waste and risky stuffs. Plasma gasification offers states new chances for waste disposal, and more significantly for renewable power coevals in an environmentally sustainable mode.THE MODEL FOR INTEGRATED SWMThe Model for the Integrated Solid Waste Management has been presented by research workers, Joe E. Heimlich, Kerry L. Hughes and Ann D. Christy at the Ohio State University, USA, as portion of its Community Development Initiative.Figure: The Integrated SWM ModelBeginning: Community Development Initiative, Ohio State University, USAThe scheme behind the development of this theoretical account is to place the degree or degrees at which the highest values of single and corporate stuffs can be recovered. No individual solution wholly answers the inquiry of what to make with our waste. Every community or part has its ain alone profile of solid waste. The composing of solid waste besides varies, depending on diverse variables such as urbanisation, commercial endeavors, fabrication and service sector activities. Similarly the attitudes of people in different parts of any state vary sing waste direction patterns. This is frequently referred to as Waste Management Ethics and includes the recycling ethic and litter moral principle of a community as subcategories. Community diverseness and waste diverseness are the two chief grounds why no individual method of waste disposal has been accepted as the best method. However, all communities besides have the same options to blow disposal as good. For this ground, the Integrated Waste Management starts with decrease ( utilizing less ) and recycling more, thereby salvaging stuff production, resource cost and energy. At the underside of the list, lies the Landfill, which is the ultimate method of Waste Disposal around the universe.THE THREE R ‘SREDUCE: Conserving resources and environment by cut downing the measure of waste that is produced. Reducing the waste coevals is the most desirable waste direction method as it does off with the demand to manage, conveyance, recycle, or disposal of waste in the first topographic point. REUSE: Reconditioning unwanted manufactured merchandises. Largely carried out by scavengers in developing states. It fundamentally means utilizing a merchandise more than one time, either for the same intent or for a different 1. For illustration, utilizing lasting java mugs, towels, serviettes, replenishing bottles etc. RECYCLE: Recovering and recycling stuffs by assorted interventions. Mostly paper and Sns. It includes recycling of organic wastes to do new or similar merchandises but excludes recovery of energy from waste stuffs

Categorizing Funding Requirements Essay

Each requirement should be funded in different ways. In other words, the nature of the funding requirement dictates the preferred type of funding. For example, core funding needs as a general rule will be satisfied by equity funding and, if available, long-term debt. Short-term cyclical funding and contingency requirements usually are satisfied by shorter-term bank lines. Analyzing the total funding needs of the business into these three categories calls for judgment as to which requirements are core and which are cyclical and of short-term or medium-term duration. There is no one correct answer, and much depends on the nature of the company’s business. For example, a property investment company might categorize funding to pay for completed property developments as core funding for a long-term asset, while a property development company would categorize the costs of a development as cyclical short- to medium-term funding for an asset it confidently will expect to sell on completion of the development. †¢The long-term funding requirements of a business are the funds needed to finance its core business assets such as land, buildings and equipment. Every business has core assets, although it is not always readily apparent what they are. For example, the core assets of airline companies at one time were their fleets of aircraft. Now, however, many airlines avoid owning aircraft, preferring to lease them, and their main core assets have become information technology systems and landing slots at airports. Some hotel groups have ceased owning the hotels they manage, and their core assets are the management contracts for hotels that are owned by third parties. †¢Most companies are subject to cyclical or seasonal fluctuations in their cash flow, often reflecting a seasonal trading pattern. Even companies with no apparent cyclical influences on cash flow, receiving a relatively constant stream of income, might in reality have a short-term cash flow cycle. They might, for example, accumulate cash receipts at a steady rate throughout each month but make bulk payments (for materials and wages and salaries) only one or two days each month, or just once every quarter (for rent payments). Business cycles, and their associated cash flows, can span several years, for example in the development of agricultural and forestry businesses. †¢Contingency funds are to meet unexpected requirements. A company should have access to contingency funding for a number of reasons. There could be an unexpected downturn in one of its markets or the opportunity to make an acquisition. The level of contingency funding depends on such factors as: †¢the volatility of the markets in which the company operates †¢the vulnerability of the earnings stream to market recession †¢the dependence on one or just a few major customers for achieving sales targets †¢Management’s desire for growth by making acquisitions.

Impact of Child Abuse in the United States Essay - 1469 Words

Child abuse in the United States is a growing epidemic. Every year the number of reported cases, and missing children go up. This is caused mostly by lack of education about the different types of child abuse, and the signs that go along with it. Communities need to provide more resources to better educate the public about the types of abuse, and the signs that go along with it. Child abuse and neglect can be lessened by more resources, more education and to reach out to others. Every year an approximate 139,000 cases of child abuse and neglect are reported in Ohio, and 72,000 are thoroughly investigated (Ohios Children 2012). Although some might think this number is high, it is believed that the number of actual child abuse cases would†¦show more content†¦There are certain demographics that are more prone to child abuse. Lower income families and young single mothers are the most likely to have child abuse in the home. This is due to the levels of stress in these types of families. When a person gets too stressed, and is not given the proper tools and resources to let that stress out, naturally it goes to a person that is close to them. Most of the time it is the children, all it takes is for the child to do something small, it can be something natural such as crying for no apparent reason as children often do, to take the abuser from simply over stressed to their breaking point. In his article, Jim Hmurovich discusses the need for a uniform, national policy for the prevention of child abuse. He covers what we need policy wise, as well as financially. He state that â€Å"The focus should be on each state implementing comprehensive, evidence based, community-driven child abuse and neglect prevention strategies based upon the states needs. With an emphasis on healthy children, family and community development, a state could develop benchmarks and measures to assess progress and demonstrate to the public what is being accomplished (Hmurovich, 2009).â⠂¬  This is completely true. Without the proper plans, and funding in place it is virtually impossible for proper education to be put in place, with the exception of private organizations. In the Northwest Ohio area, there is one organizationShow MoreRelatedNature and Social problems1091 Words   |  5 PagesSocial of the Social Problem Child abuse and neglect has been a prevalent problem throughout history and although progress has been made, it continues to till today. Children are subjected to the treatment of the adults surrounding them and have limited capacity to make their own decisions and protect themselves. 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